Police Administration Essay

The role of police in the safety of the community has long been recognized.   It is thus of great importance that the operations behind the police system be well understood in order to identify points that are considered to be exemplary, as well as areas which are in need of further evaluation and reorganization.   This research paper will discuss areas of police administration that are related to the recruitment and hiring process.   A brief review of other related areas of police administration will also be presented in order to provide a holistic overview of the topic. POLICE WORK AND RELATED PROBLEMS The area of police work is an occupation that is strongly associated with misconduct and criminal acts.   The act of performing police work is highly discretionary because it entails a combination of both standard police principles and personal ideologies that influence a police officers values and morale.   Police work also involves coercive activity that regularly occurs in the most private situations which are often not in the presence of their immediate supervisors but in the vicinity of witnesses who, unfortunately, often distort the details of the criminal event when interviewed or asked to testify.   Police work is also strongly associated with corruption through the extreme abuse of police authority for the wrong benefits of other individuals (Klockars, 2000). Corruption is a form of misconduct that has long been a concern of every society.   Several attempts has been made to control the application and use of corruption in police work yet there are several factors that decrease the likelihood of success in controlling this social problem.   One of the factors that hinder the control of corruption is that police officers refuse to report activities that are deemed corrupt to their fellow officers.   Also known as The Code or The Code of Silence, this secret has been with the police force for decades. Another factor that prevents the control of corruption in police work is that police administrators are hesitant in acknowledging that corrupt events do exist in their respective police agencies.   The idea that corrupt activities may benefit the police officers in terms of extra financial income also influences police officers to continue performing or acknowledging corrupt acts.   Another factor that prevents the success in controlling corrupt activities within the police force involves the scarcity of victims of these shameful acts who are willing to report the corrupt incident to federal investigators. For some time, corruption has been viewed by police administrators as a sign of the insufficiency of moral standards among police officers.   To date, the officials of police administration has actively fought the problem of corruption in the police force by meticulously and cautiously screening the new applicants for positions in the police force in order to lessen the probability that newly hired police officers will not succumb to the perennial problem of corruption in their field of work.   In addition, police administrators have also aggressively followed and hunted down any members of the police force that are known to deal with corrupt activities during their line of duty with the police force.   Once these morally delinquent police officers are tracked, they are dismissed from their positions so that any additional cases of corruption will surely be prevented. The removal of these corrupt police officers also assure that the negative influences of these police officers will not spread to the rest of the members of the police force.   The concept of removal of a corrupt police officer from the police force is similar to the bad apple theory in agriculture and this approach has been strongly criticized in the past years.   In order to better understand the problems associated with police work, it is essential that the field of police work first be presented. THE ROLE OF A POLICE OFFICER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A police officer pertains to a working employee of the police force who has been trained in special responsibilities such as counterterrorism and surveillance.   A police officer is also equipped with the capabilities for child protection as well as protection of diplomatic individuals.   Police officers are experienced in investigating crimes such as murder, burglary, rape and drug trafficking. It should be understood that the duties of a police officer encompass a wide range of functions.   These officers are expected to be capable of responding to any type of situation that may occur during their time of duty.   Police officers are considered as government officials during investigatory events of crimes.   In specific cities and communities, it is the responsibility of a police officer to maintain peace and conduct in the area, even if they are not on duty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society perceives a police officer as a person who is responsible for instilling peace and order in his particular area of duty.   Peace and order can be attained through the enforcement of rules or prohibitions in terms of social interactions.   Police officers are also responsible in discouraging attempts to commit crimes, aside from investigating a crime that has already occurred in a particular area.   In addition, police officers carry the legal role and authority to arrest any suspected individuals that may have played a role in a crime.   They also have the authority to interrogate and detain the suspect, as well as report the incident and the associated suspects to the proper authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police officers may also help in instilling the safety of the public during large gatherings.   Such role may be similar to an emergency service wherein they could be called on to facilitate in public operations such as town or city programs and parades.   These individuals also serve as a source of immediate response during times of emergency and disasters because they serve as the first person at the scene of an incident. Once a police officer arrives at the particular site and makes a quick survey of the area, he then quickly informs the fire and emergency medical units of the city to respond to the situation.   Depending on the state or country, police officers and firemen have the same line of call, wherein these two groups of government employees may respond to the scene of a disaster at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Minor offenses are also reported by police officers in the form of citations which generally results in the implementation of fine.   One good example of a minor offense includes the violation in the laws of driving and traffic such as illegal parking or over-speeding.   Other traffic violations may include accosting a driver who has consumed more than the allowable amounts of alcohol drinks.   The detention of drivers that manipulate a vehicle under the influence of alcohol prevents car accidents as well as deaths.   Police officers are also trained in assisting individuals that are caught in the middle of an accident or even a simple car breakdown.   It is interesting to know that police officers are trained in techniques in first aid as well as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Park rangers are also considered as police officers who man the national parks and other open recreational locations.   These individuals also enforce specific laws in order to instill peace and order in these specific areas.   Police officers are also visible in areas where rallies and political activities are frequently held.   These law enforcers are responsible in suppress overly active protests that hinders the rest of the public from performing their daily functions such as going to work. Police officers make sure that rallies and other kinds of protests are held within the allowable parts of the public area such as sidewalks and the rest of the people and vehicles are not hindered from moving through their usual activities.   There are some cases wherein protesters may be extremely upset regarding a particular political or ethical issue and these individual may start screaming and acting in more violent behavior.   Should this be the case, the police officers are authorized to control such actions to an acceptable level of protest. QUALIFICATION OF A POLICE OFFICER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The credentials of a police officer often vary in each country, mainly depending on the expectations and roles of the police officer in that part of the world.   However, it is a general requirement that a candidate for a position of police officer must show proof that he has completed some kind of formal education.   Several decades earlier, police officers were not required to finish a college degree yet currently this has changed. Mostly due also to the changing times and the evolution of the society in terms of values and morals, candidates for positions of police officers are now required to carry a tertiary degree.   In addition, the candidate for police officer is required to undergo two to three years of training as a police constable prior to promotion to a position of higher rank such as inspector or sergeant.   It is a common path that a police officer originates from a military or security position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to carrying a college degree, a candidate for police officer is also required to undergo a physical fitness examination.   In the United States, there are currently laws that vary by state that describe the requirements for candidates for the position of police officer.   The requirements include specific information regarding the applicant’s age and educational level, as well as the criminal records and training.   A police agency is generally similar to that of a semi-military organization that requires particular training and experience before applicants are admitted to the police force.   There are also specific qualifications before a particular police officer can be promoted to a higher position in the police force.   It should be noted that promotion to a higher rank in the police force is not an automatic operation that occurs once a police officer has served for three years. Promotion to a higher rank entails taking additional examinations that serve as tools that will help assess the police officer if he is ready and competent enough to hold a higher ranking position.   An interview is also conducted by the review board that serves as a personal questioning session for the candidate police officer for promotion.   The stringent requirements for promotion of a police officer to a higher rank are commensurate to the responsibilities that this police officer will hold once he is awarded the higher police rank. It is actually normal for a police officer to remain in the same position ranking for some time and it is usually the highly competent officers that are often deserve a higher rank in the police force.   There are some instances when a specific police officer stays at the same position rank for a decade or more because it has been observed through their performance that the particular police officer is not competent to serve from a higher position.   Police officers who have served in the police force for a particular duration may also apply for the position of police specialist.   The specialist positions include the detective, firearms officer or motorcycle officer. TRAINING AT THE POLICE ACADEMY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A police academy is a training facility that is generally managed by the police department in order to serve as a venue for the education and development of the new recruits.   These individual recruits were previously hired by the police department yet they are first required to undergo training at the police academy before they are allowed to work with the police force.   The trainees at the police academy are taught essential skills that are expected of a police officer.   The training involves both classroom and actual action training that runs for several months. Full-time training requires that the candidates are present for the entire day at the police academy, with provisions for letting them stay in for several months.   In private police academies, training is conducted during the evenings so that the trainees are able to work during the day time to earn their wages to support themselves.   In police academies that are run by the police department, stipends are given to the trainees because they are already considered as employees of the police force.   Training at the police academy includes the principles of arrest and booking of individuals.   The use of firearms is also taught at the academy. Special driving skills are also taught at the police academy because this is essential is chasing suspects and criminals.   The trainees are also educated in terms of CPR and first aid skills because these capabilities are expected of a competent police officer.   Trainees are also taught skills in writing police reports as well as ethical measures in interacting with individuals that they would likely deal with on a daily basis as a police officer.   Theories of investigation and criminality will also be undertaken during the training of police officers.   Methods in interacting with the community will also be taught at the police academy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After several months of training at the police academy, the trainees are required to take written and practical examination to gauge the comprehension of the lessons that have been given to them.   Upon passing the requirements of the written and practical examinations, the trainee is awarded a certification of police academy training and will then be assigned as a member of the police department.   It has been observed that there has been an increase in recruitment of police officers in the past decade and it has been predicted that the number of newly recruited police officers will increase in the coming years.   This is mostly due to the change in the society and politics of the country, as well as the increase in urbanization of cities. THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 AND EQUALITY AMONG MEN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hiring and recruitment of police officers has been influenced by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.   Years ago, Martin Luther King had a dream that all men and women would be equal.   The laws and progression of civil rights and immigration has changed the United States.   Racial inequality and color prejudice has damaged the United States; affecting the government system through legislation. The differences in culture background and heritage are being traversed. Borders are supposedly being crossed. Educational theories and classroom practices are taking up new forms in order to conform and meet the educational needs of the global societies. Educators and teachers are being expected to share views and recognize values from different cultures, races, societies and ethnic groups. They are expected to move outside the system and custom of the dominant society and incorporate beliefs other than those they are accustomed with. Our laws and progression of Civil Rights and immigration has changed the United States (AARP, 2004). The challenges that face our nation’s children relates to the civil right movements and immigration laws. The 1800’s industrialization expansion and slave trade increased immigration to the United States, bringing around twenty-five million people between 1866 and 1915.   In 1917, the United States began placing and enforcing restrictions on immigration.   The government did have provisions before, however most statutes were requirements for naturalization, government powers, reporting of aliens or items allowed to import. Amid 1875 to 1888, the government wanted to exclude people from coming into the United States that were criminals (whether convicted of crime or misdemeanor), prostitutes, paid or slave laborers, people with contagious diseases, polygamist, anarchist, or any person who wanted or thought it was okay to overthrow a government through forceful violence or assassination of public officials.   On February 5, 1917, a commission set forth by the President Woodrow Wilson, proposed and passed a law that enacted previous exclusions and added to exclude illiterate aliens. The excludable people were â€Å"imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, persons with physical or mental defects which may affect their ability to earn a living, persons afflicted with tuberculosis, children unaccompanied by their parents, persons who admitted the commission of a crime involving moral turpitude, and women coming to the United States for immoral purposes†. The 1920 U.S. census showed that the heaviest immigration prior to that time were from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and other countries in northern Europe. In the course of the ending of World War II in 1945, the number of aliens both legal and illegal increased dramatically. Immigrants were trying to escape poverty and oppression from all over the world. Citizens of the United States began feeling the pressure of immigrants taking their jobs and using expensive social services provided by the U.S. government with American tax dollars. The media began to portray evidence of racial inequality and color prejudice, damaging the image of the United States. Therefore, immigration and racial equality became debated hot topics. In 1857, the National Education Association (NEA) was formed to benefit teachers and students, and work to bring attention to educational issues, such as low teacher’s salaries, teacher retirement benefits, student testing and other bureaucratic demands. The NEA became an advocate for students and teachers through curriculum enhancements to both English language arts and history to benefit Immigrants, African Americans, and Indians (Holcomb 2006). The NEA lobbied to encourage laws like The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Immigration Nationality Act of 1964, which still affects our laws today, encouraging the idea of multiculturalism, thus expanding subjects such as history and language arts to include viewpoints of historically powerless and oppressed groups. During the civil rights movement, there were two America’s, a black America and a white America. The school, bathrooms, water fountains, restaurants, bus seats, libraries, movie theaters, hospital floors, and even the line to see Santa Clause were all segregated based on the color of skin.   African Americans went to school four months out of the year because they needed to help earn incomes the rest of the months. Their schools had no cafeteria, most with outside bathrooms; and their books were passed down from the white schools so they were all out of date. The school building that contained African American students were falling apart.    The classes were overcrowded with too many students, and not enough room for all the needed classes and materials. For the most part, these students had teachers that were substitutes who didn’t know what they were doing.   The teachers that were in these schools had fixed values for these students and did not provide curriculum that was interesting or pertained to the students who were learning. The assumption of teachers was that these African American students did not deserve â€Å"a great deal in life and that a little, even a very little, (a very little) for a Negro child is a great deal more than he or she has earned†. Complaints were being vocalized with the school districts letting white students ride the bus to attend white schools, and black students had to walk to their school when they lived right next to an â€Å"all white† school. In 1951, the Supreme Court finally had to face and rule on the subject of civil rights. A group called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), created in 1909 to work towards eliminating segregation and discrimination, came together in a court case Brown versus Board of Education. African Americans had started filing suits against the educational systems as early as 1845, but the Supreme Court combined five cases to hear in 1951. The issues brought before the court was because of school conditions, segregation, deficient curriculum, pupil to teacher ratio, teacher training, extracurricular activity programs offered, transportation deficiencies, and of course teacher salaries. The discriminatory environment derived from civil rights and immigration issues unlocked, and then caused the world to see that human tendencies are to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype people based on their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics. In 1954, Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, also called Brown I ruled by Chief Justice Warren, acknowledged learning to be the most significant task of state and local government and repudiated the separate but equal doctrine, deciding that racially segregated schools were inherently unequal (Brown Foundation, 1996). The decision had great impact and important to the civil rights movement. The Supreme Court ruled that school had no place for separate but equal status. A year later the Supreme Court decision in Brown II defined how and when school desegregation would be achieved because there was no standard or deadline set in Brown I.   The legal precedence of this time caused far reaching social and ideological implications that brought about changes in the 1960’s and beyond. On the other hand, the legal wrangling did not make immigration and civil right issues disappear because of the ambiguity of the legal decisions. The 1960’s brought about race riots all over the U.S., deaths because of race, and more laws that declared discrimination illegal. On January 20, 1964, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into the Presidency, after the sudden death of President John F. Kennedy. As America mourned the death of JFK, President Lyndon B. Johnson placed his hand on the Holy Bible that was being held by his wife and took the oath of office. On that particular day, Lyndon B. Johnson launched his new program called the Great Society. The agenda was intended to produce a better quality of life for all Americans.   Reporters knew the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson as a legislative miracle.   In fact, Dick West of the Dallas Morning News expressed that Mr. Truman could not get started on a civil rights bill because a rebellious congress passed an immigration law over a veto.   Jack Kennedy took one whirl at federal aid to education, and then backed off. Then he tried to get Congress to set up a Department of Housing and Urban Development with Cabinet Status and was turned down in the House 264 to 150.   On the other hand, West writes that President Johnson was able to get these laws passed exactly the way he wanted them, thus being named The Congressional Magician.   President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, 1964, during a luncheon honoring late President Abraham Lincoln in the East room of the White House. The bill was about discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.   The President sat at a small table in the center with racks holding 72 pens, which was an insufficient amount.   He actually used over 100 pens to sign this triumphant bill into law.   Robert F. Kennedy sat in the front row, Martin Luther King sat in the second row, and other senators and cabinet members attended.   President Johnson’s speech was swift but had great emphasis as he called on all Americans to close the springs of racial poison and eliminate the last vestiges of injustice in our beloved America. The President spoke of the challenge that Lincoln bestowed upon America asking for preservation of the union, enlargement of liberties for America and for being true to the Declaration of Independence which gives liberty to all.   The speech was a direct challenge for all Americans to ensure that all people including Black American’s will be a part of a complete and equal society. Immigrants thus have an equal opportunity to apply as police officers.   However, it has been observed that most immigrants do not perform well in the written examination for police officers because the links between illiteracy and illegal immigration is astounding.   Hispanic immigrants come to the United States without having the basic literacy skills needed (Garraty and Carnes, 2001).   Teachers in Texas are finding that their classes are mostly English language learners. Bilingual assistants are there to translate to students and teacher regarding teaching information and notes; they are also there to translate during parent teacher conferences. Each state requires that each police officer candidate establish a language proficiency assessment to show that he passed the proficiency and achievement-level this is required for those individuals whose primary language is not English.   The examining committee classifies the applicant and recommends placement and help to benefit the applicant.  Ã‚   There are now reports that the translator and the English Language Learning programs are now improving.   Most immigrants are visual learners hence English or Spanish languages are no barriers to learning.   The problem is when the Hispanic people take the summers off to return to Mexico. Jackie stated that it seems like they lose the English proficiency learned previously.   While some teachers see the problem improving there are immigrants who have voiced their concern. There are certain citizens who are concerned that teachers are spending more time because of English Language Learners and have even dealt with hearing the American-born individuals in a special class because of observation as a slow reader. Upon further investigation, it was realized the teacher was teaching and reading to the children in Spanish, which English-speaking students did not understand. Because education focus has become multi-cultural teachers use literature to teach about other cultures. Multi-cultural literature develops values and self-concept for students. On the other hand, some say American-born students reading and writing scores are declining and achievement gaps are closing.   Some believe that many linguists and educators focus on the multicultural aspect, degrading the English Language. As of 1992, many states require teachers to have a certification to teach English as a Second Language, also called ESL in order to assist immigrants who are in training.   Teachers must have the appropriate academic background is ESL theory and methodology. While there are some educators who back bilingual education, which is where students learn basic skills in their own language while they are learning to speak English.   English-speaking students will have a chance to learn Spanish. However, we are facing political efforts to make English the United States official language.   Senator Pete Domenci of New Mexico expressed that the inherent shallowness behind ‘English Only’ would deny the United States the opportunity to meet is full market potential. Therefore, he introduced an approach called English Plus.   English-plus, adopted in New Mexico’s constitution requiring those public school teachers must be trained in both English and Spanish so that Spanish-speaking students will be taught English properly.   On the other hand, many believe there is no need to make English the official language of the United States because it limits us from having a world–view.     The English Language is the most multi-cultural language and it celebrates diversity because of the multi-cultural influences from the French, Germans, and African’s, which continually make it powerful and diverse. There is an increase in the need for police officers to establish peace and order in the country.   At the same time, the country is experiencing a rapid immigration increase of Hispanics and African American students. The appeal of the current level and police administration in terms of the hiring and recruitment process is an interesting area to cover. The costs of raising education potential for both African Americans and Latino students in order to provide equal opportunity for hiring immigrants would be high, yet there would be benefits by savings in public peace and order expenditures and increased tax revenues based on higher incomes.   Holding onto our legacy of the past, we are now teaching with a cultural approach attempt to raise the academic and professional achievement of all trainees and students through culturally relevant lessons.    Reference AARP, LCCR, & Library of Congress (2004). Save Our History: Voices of Civil Rights. The History Channel: The Hearst Corporation. Brown Foundation (1996). Brown VS Board of Education: About the Case. Retrieved March 9, 2006 from http://brownvboard.org/summary/. Garraty, J.A. & Carnes, M.C. (2001). A Short History of the American Nation. (P. 450). New York: Longman Klockars CB (2000):   The measurement of police integrity.   U.S. Department of Justice Research Briefs.   May 2000.

House on Mango Street: Four Skinny Trees

The Trees of Hope and Courage In The House on Mango Street, the author Sandra Cisneros takes you into a completely different world through the eyes of a young, insecure Esperanza growing up in a poor section of Chicago. A vignette that especially stood out was â€Å"Four Skinny Trees†. In this vignette Esperanza is describing four skinny trees that are overlooked and underappreciated. Cisneros uses powerful personification techniques that not only create vivid images but trigger intense reactions. Her words trigger despair and hope, fear and courage, strength and weakness. Esperanza is connected to these trees on an emotional level because what she is imagining in these trees is what she sees in herself. The trees served as emotional guides teaching Esperanza to have confidence. Cisneros projects Esperanza’s emotions onto these four skinny trees though powerful personification techniques. Esperanza sees a distinct parallel between her life and the trees. Esperanza feels as if, â€Å"They are the only ones who understand me. I am the only one who understands them† (74). Esperanza sees herself in these trees, â€Å"†¦with skinny necks and pointy elbows like mine† (74). She sees these scrawny trees trapped in the concrete of Mango Street and can relate because she too is stuck in the concrete of Mango Street. Esperanza sees a parallel between her and the trees and imagines these trees with souls and emotions that reflect her own. She perceives the trees as full of anger, â€Å"They grow up and they grow down and grab the earth between their hairy toes and bite the sky with violent teeth and never quite their anger† (74). It is apparent that these trees aren’t really angry but that Esperanza is embedding her hidden rage into these trees. Cisneros vivid personification makes the trees strong symbols of Esperanza’s emotions, her anger, fear, inconsequence and also her hope, courage and importance. These trees are misplaced and misunderstood but yet they keep on growing, keep on fighting. They continue to exist, not giving up, â€Å"Four who grew despite concrete† (75). The four scrawny, angry trees symbolize both hope and courage. To Esperanza these trees symbolize an emotional guide, they teach her she can trade despair for hope and fear for courage. The trees are teachers. The trees could very well surrender, â€Å"†¦ they’d all droop like tulips in a glass, each with arms around the other† (75). But they don’t they keep on growing despite that they do not belong. Esperanza takes courage from the trees to never give up. Esperanza has learned from these trees how to achieve a peace with who she is. These four skinny trees that were probably planted by some city worker on a concrete slab are objects in which Esperanza has brought to life with her own emotions. Because they too are misplaced like Esperanza but yet they continue to be and keep growing, they do not give up. They have taught her not to surrender to who she is but to accept it and keep growing. One day Esperanza will leave Mango Street but instead of living with despair waiting to escape she is living with hope for the future and the courage to be strong throughout the process.

Burnout of the courier in logistics company in China

ENG Abstract Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal streamers on the Job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and places the individual stress experience within a larger organizational context of people's relation to their work.Recently, the work on burnout has expanded internationally and has led to new conceptual models. The development of the logistics company to create many Jobs, special courier. However, facing to overload workload, the courier is prone to burnout. The aim of this research is to find what factors lead to courier appears occupation burnout and what are the solutions. In this paper, using the method of questionnaires solve the problem about burnout of the courier in logistics company in China. We hope can find factors to make contribute to further research in the future.Key words: burnout, courier, logistics com pany, China l. Introduction 1. 1 Research Background of Burnout and logistics company The relationship that people have with their work, and the difficulties that can arise when that relationship goes awry, have been long recognized as a significant phenomenon of the modern age. The use of the term burnout for this phenomenon began to appear with some regularity in the sass in the United States, especially among people working in the human services.This popular usage was presaged by Green's 1961 novel, A Burnout Case, in which a spiritually tormented and disillusioned architect quits his Job and withdraws into the African Jungle. Even earlier writing, both fictional and nonfunctional, described similar phenomena, including extreme fatigue and the loss of idealism and passion for one's Job. What is noteworthy is that the importance of burnout as a social problem was identified by both practitioners and social commentators long before it became a focus of systematic study by researche rs.Logistics is to satisfy customer needs, with the lowest cost, through the transport, storage, distribution and so on, to achieve raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and related information from the origin of goods to the goods consumption to the planning, implementation and management of the whole process. Logistics is a system of control of raw materials, manufactured goods, finished goods and information,from the supply, the transfer of a variety of intermediate links and have to reach the physical movement of the final consumers, in order to achieve the organization's goals.Modern logistics is the product of economic globalization, economic globalization is an important service. The world of modern logistics industry grows steadily, Europe, Japan, America become important base logistics worldwide. 1. 2 The existing problems and the purpose of this paper In China, logistics industry started relatively late, with the rapid development of he national economy, the logistics industry market demand continued to expand.Since twenty-first Century, the state to strengthen and improve macroeconomic regulation and control policy, China logistics industry to maintain rapid growth, constantly improve the logistics system, industry increasingly mature and norms. The development of the logistics company to create many Jobs, special courier. However, the courier is prone to burnout, with facing to overload workload, such as sending 50 parcels on average everyday, Guessing logistics and waiting for customers. Especially n the discount season, for the logistics company is a war, the courier will face a severe test.Many express company clerks said, working overload to make them terribly fatigued, lead to service attitude decline or reject business is failing express industry. The aim of this research is to find what factors lead to courier appears occupation burnout and what are the solutions. 1. 3 Research Question (1) Is there any burnout in the cour ier in logistics company in China? If so, how often? (2) What are the major factors which contribute to their burnout? II . Literature Review 2. 1 Concept of BurnoutBurnout was initially a very slippery concept – there was no standard definition of it, although there was a wide variety of opinions about what it was and what could be done about it. Different people used the term to mean very different things, so there was not always a basis for constructive communication about the problem and solutions for it. However, there was actually an underlying consensus about three core dimensions of the burnout experience, and subsequent research on this issue led to the development of a multidimensional theory of burnout (Miasmal 1982, 1998).This theoretical framework continues to be the predominant one in the runt field. Today, the most commonly accepted definition of burnout is the three- component conceptualization used by Miasmal and colleagues (Miasmal, 1982; Miasmal & Jackson, 1981; Pines & Miasmal, 1980). One component of burnout, emotional exhaustion, is characterized by a lack of energy and a feeling that one's emotional resources are used up. Another component, diversification or demutualization, is marked by the treatment of clients as objects rather than people.The final component of burnout, diminished personal accomplishment, is characterized by a tendency to evaluate oneself negatively. 2. 2 Assessment of Burnout In the sass the work on burnout shifted to more systematic empirical research. A particular focus of this research was the assessment of burnout, and several different measures were developed. The scale that has had the strongest psychometric properties and continues to be used most widely by researchers is the Miasmal Burnout Inventory (MBA) developed by Miasmal and Jackson (1981).Subsequent research using the MBA has revealed that the intensity and frequency dimensions of burnout are highly correlated (Anderson & Knick, 1984; Brooking, Bolton, Brown, & McElroy, 1985; Gaines & Jerkier, 1983), so the revised version of the MBA (Miasmal & Jackson, 1986) includes only the frequency dimension. The MBA- Human Services Survey (MBA-HAS) was designed for use with people working in the human services and health care. A second version was developed for use by people working in educational settings (the MBA-Educators Survey, or MBA-SEES).In both the HAS and SEES forms, the labels for the three dimensions reflected the focus on occupations where workers interacted extensively with other people (clients, patients, students, etc): emotional exhaustion, diversification, and reduced personal accomplishment. 2. 3 Major factors Burnout is an individual experience that is specific to the work context. Thus, the research over the past 35 years has maintained a consistent focus on the situational factors that are the prime correlates of this phenomenon.The results of this research paint a clear picture of the impact of the work situat ion on individual burnout. These situational Factors include Job characteristics, occupational characteristics, organizational characteristics. People do not simply respond to the work setting; rather, they bring unique qualities to the relationship. These personal factors include anemographic variables (such as age and formal education), enduring personality characteristics, and work-related attitudes. Several of these individual characteristics have been found to be related to burnout.However, these relationships are not as great in size as those for burnout and situational factors, which suggests that burnout is more of a social phenomenon than an individual one. 2. 4 Summary Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal streamers on the Job, and is defined by the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, diversification, and reduced personal accomplishment. With the sustainable velveteen of the economy make a spurt of progress of science and technology, people prefer to shop on the net, along with the rise of the logistics field.At the same time, faced with the grim work overload, the courier is easy to produce occupation burnout, which leads to the decline of quality of service phenomenon. The social focus of burnout, the solid research basis concerning the syndrome, and its specific ties to the work domain make a distinct and valuable contribution to people's health and well-being. Ill . Research Methodology 3. 1 Research Questions The present research was to examine the following research questions: here any burnout in the courier in logistics company in China? If so, how often? 2) What are the major factors which contribute to their burnout? 3. 2 Subject Description The 20 subjects, who participated in the questionnaire, are all the courier who are working in logistics in Beijing. The courier is mainly responsible for the business of University of International Business and Economics. All of them are male, whose age ranges from 21 to 50. All the 20 surveys are valid. The 3 interviewees, who are all over 40 years old, were chosen from the 20 subjects. These three interviewees were finally chosen because of the following sound reasons.First of all, of all the demographic variables that have been studied, age is the one that has been most consistently related to burnout. Among younger employees the level of burnout is reported to be higher than it is among those over 30 or 40 years old. Secondly, courier whose age ranges from 25 to 30, with I-to-5-year working experience, experience the least burnout . The three interviewees, who should have experienced the least burnout according to the research results, would offer us a picture of their real working lives in a logistics company, from which we may infer all the courier' lives there. 3. 3 InstrumentsIn order to resolve research questions,we refer to relevant literatures about Burnout of the courier in logistics company by internet, such as previous research papers, cases and so on. In order to obtain sufficient descriptive data for painting a clear and virtual picture of courier' lives in logistics company, 20 the courier accepted questionnaire. 3. 4 Procedures Steps : questionnaires Method for obtaining the research data needed by questionnaire, questionnaire includes content, questions, answer mode and index selection. Among them, the basic situation questionnaire,questions and answers to the questionnaire way.First of all, is the main respondents simple personal data, including age, education level, personal monthly income. This part is the single way, by the respondents. Secondly, the basic situation about the logistics company to express the benefits as well as courier attitude to work, including your company will provide the welfare, your company, your current subsidies which have their wages, do you think the extraction rate is reasonable and so on. This part of the respondents according to their own experience to answer. A tota l of 15 questions, each question has the certain. IV c. Results and Discussions . The questionnaires about courier Having out all the data from questionnaires into the pie charts, we can see from the table that respondents from 20 courier, who are mainly responsible for the business of University of International Business and Economics, in this study reported different conditions about their working. First, chart (1) shows the courier work how many hours a day: The statistics show working 8-12 hours a day, which accounts for 76%,is the most; then the next is working 12-14 hours with 17%, followed by working 8 hours, representing 4%; and finally come working more than 14 hours at 3%.Most couriers working time more than the legal working time 8 hours. Secondly, chart (2) shows the courier to present their wage level of satisfaction degree: The pie chart illustrates most of the courier that their wages are Just so so to this stage, there are some people dissatisfied, very few they are in satisfactory condition. Finally, chart (3) shows the courier attitude to the Job: 4. 2 Results to those research questions and analysis From the above data we can see that The courier work long hours, less satisfied with their income.Facing to heavy work and low wages, courier attitude to their work is not active. In this case,the courier is very easy to have the occupation burnout. The main factor which can make contributed to the burnout of the courier in logistics company in china is the Job characteristics and work-related attitudes. Thirty years of reform and opening up, China's economy has got enormous development, continuously improve the overall economy, comprehensive economic strength strengthens day by day.In our country, shortage economy era has ended, economic development has entered a structural surplus stage, economic growth has changed from supply constraint to demand constraint, the sustained and rapid economic Roth is brought about by the accelerated large quanti ties of goods, services and information flow, which also brought the logistics needs of the exponential growth. Facing to a lot of business in logistics company one day, especially on holidays, the courier is very busy and stress. Coupled with the salary is not very high, leading to low service quality.Long time waiting to pick up, occasionally suffering from customer scold, the courier feel bad. So go down for a long time, the courier is negative sentiment to the Job, gradually producing a occupation burnout. V . Conclusions 5. 1 Major findings In this part, the major findings will be elaborated in terms of two research Research Question One: Is there any burnout in the courier in logistics questions. Company in China? If so, how often? The answer to research question one is a definitely yes, there is burnout of the courier in logistics company in China.Furthermore, these courier experienced much more burnout in the special holiday sales activities. When online discount season ever y month, the courier's workload will increase greatly, at this time, courier will increase occupation burnout. Research Question Two: What are the major factors which contribute to their burnout? Having analyzed the qualitative data on the questionnaires with the twenty courier are working in logistics in Beijing, who are mainly responsible for the business of University of International Business and Economics. E know that the Job characteristics and work-related attitudes were the two main factors which contribute to the courier' burnout. 5. 2 Implications The research objective of this paper is to survey on burnout of the courier in logistics company in China. Logistics is an important link in the production and sales, is important to guarantee the efficient operation of enterprises. At the same time, the logistics service is an important aspect to improve the competitiveness of enterprises, timely and accurately provide customers with products and services, it has become an impor tant competitive factors besides the price between enterprises.The courier as the main logistics staff, also plays an indispensable role. As a service company, the most important is the service, the service decided the company, service is the company's survival, a company is mainly is the service quality. So as a service industry, the most important is the service personnel, logistics company is a service many, logistics company a lot of the courier, courier attitude to work directly affects the company's image, indirectly affect the social. This paper research on burnout of the courier in logistics company in China, help to further study and solve the problem of burnout courier. . 3 Limitations of the present study Firstly, the size of sample population is too small, which may make it difficult for the results and conclusions to be generalized. 20 courier are working in logistics in Beijing, who are mainly responsible for the business of University of International Business and Eco nomics. It cannot stand for all the courier in China. Secondly, the samples are all male, did not involve female. Gender is different, psychological also is different, lead to product burnout is different. This point has not done much research.What is more, Just questionnaires with 20 courier cannot provide us with sufficient opportunities to know what's actually happening in the courier' lives. Without thorough and deep data, it's hard to offer the most accurate and authentic first-hand materials to policymakers or administrators for figuring out a way to improve the current situations in logistics company in China. 5. Suggestions for further studies Firstly, researchers should enlarge the size of the sample population if possible, like surveying all the courier in a logistics company in China, irrespective of subjects, through the instrument.

Porsche in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Opera market Political analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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British Literature Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Writer's choice - Essay Example Women have for long suffered the effects of such atrocities since it is almost acceptable that they deserve the demeaning treat. You are then left to wonder what driving force must have marshaled such devastating thought (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar, 174-175). Much is already known that has been done to discriminate against the woman, however the question stays; that what is this that has consequentially led to such a looming crisis which unfortunately doesn’t seem to go soon? This leaves us with this inevitable task of crisscrossing the fundamentals amounting to gender biases. This underlying conception turns out to be a belief system set by the society. It is by the societal branding that women play such a demeaning role of subjects to all mannerisms. This in effect lowers their esteem which eventually makes them live in a sense of denial. It is kind of a bias that acts like an undue punishment that a negative yet lasting results. I may liken this to a classroom scenario that involves a teacher and a student. The teacher who keeps on giving negative remarks when the student answers a question, would make this student believe that they aren’t good enough to race on with the rest (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 174). Few examples in real life situation back up this topic. One, it is evident that men play most leading roles in formal organizations and structures. In top management hierarchies, there is male domination on a global scale based on detailed observation of their profiles. The converse is unfortunately true that the female sex dominates the lower level ladders of such hierarchies. This overwhelming population at the lower ranks is to compensate for their biasness in the top hierarchy; which again gives a misconception of gender balance (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 176). Unfortunately this undoing also is also reported in most of the cases in homes. Couples have yet more often confirmed that gender biasness and

A critical study of credit risk management in the First Bank of Dissertation - 1

A critical study of credit risk management in the First Bank of Nigeria PLC - Dissertation Example In designing the credit policies, due considerations are given to the commitment of the bank which involves: Creating, monitoring and managing credit risk in a way that complies with all the applicable laws and bank regulations (Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems, 2010) Identifying the credit risk in every investment, loan or in other activities of the Bank (Risk management disclosure, 2011). Utilizing appropriate, accurate as well as timely tools to measure the credit risk in every department (Risk management disclosure, 2011). Adopting a risk-based approach in determining the appropriate pricing strategy while lending products and service offerings (Risk management disclosure, 2010). Setting an acceptable risk parameter. Maintaining an acceptable level of credit risk for the existing individual credit exposures. Maintaining acceptable levels in the overall credit risks for the portfolio of the bank. Coordinating the credit risk man agement and other risks that are inherent within the Bank’s business activities. Setting remedial and recovery measures and actions (Risk management disclosure, 2012). To effectively handle its credit policies and practices in the first bank of Nigeria, five departments have been formed that control and manage credit processing functions. This are- 1. Credit Analysis & Processing (CAP) which is responsible in developing the appraisal of non-specialized credit requests and processing in order to obtain requisite approvals that are in line with the Bank’s policies (Credit Risk Management, 2009). 2. Specialized Lending Department (SLD) is responsible for the appraisals of credit requests and processing till its final decision to sanction specialized types of credit which are peculiar because of the size and complexity involved in such transactions (Transformation, 2010). It handles departments like power, oil and gas both upstream and downstream, utilities such as water p rojects, etc, transportation like mass transit, aviation, commercial real estate business projects which are the business proposals that are conceived for commercial gain, infrastructure that would also include concessions in public assets. 3. Credit Risk Management (CRM) which is concerned with the planning, monitoring and the reporting of the credit portfolios (Principles for the Management of Credit Risk, 2012) 4. Remedial Management Unit (RMU) that would have a bias for the proactive work-out of accounts that would show early signs of weaknesses and 5. Classified Assets Management (CAM) that would be concerned with for the recovery of the classified retail loans which are 90 days past their due date, wholesale accounts that are classified as lost with days past their due period (DPD) by over 540 days and accounts that are written off from the on-balance sheet into their CAM SOL (Risk management disclosure, 2012). 4.2 Internal ratings scale In measuring the credit risk of loans a nd advances to their customers and to the banks at a counterparty level, the Group considers the following features. The first feature concentrates on the character and the capacity to make payments by the client or the counterparty on their contractual obligations. The second feature surrounds the current exposure of the bank to the counterparty and its likely development in future. The third and the last feature center around the credit history analysis of the counterparty and its likely recovery ratio in the cases of default obligations (Risk management disclosure, 2012). The Group also has internal credit limits for approval for various levels in the credit process. The levels are shown in the following table. Approval levels Investment grade

The Mona Lisa Essay Example for Free

The Mona Lisa Essay The Mona Lisa is perhaps Leonardo Da Vinci’s most famous of paintings. It is an oil painting, painted on poplar wood. The painting is most famous for the smile of the woman, which people have been trying to decipher for a long time. Many believe that the portrait is that of Da Vinci himself, while many also place a lot mystic connections with this painting. The portrait depicts a woman’s bust, with a distant landscape that is visible in the backdrop. Leonardo used a pyramid design to install in simple and calm manner within the painting. The woman is shown with her hands folded, with her breast, neck, and face painted the same color as her hands. The light is diffused so that the various curves and geometrical shapes on the painting are made visible through it. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the painting is the woman’s smile. Many believe that it is innocent and inviting, while others believe that of smugness and a smirk. Many scientific studies have been undertaken to determine the exact nature of the smile and the real reason remains a mystery. It is believed that every person sees the smile differently because of the changes in the lightning that Leonardo presented. The woman is shown seated in an open area, and behind her is a vast landscape, which recedes to an icy mountain. Some winding paths and a far away bridge is also perceptible in the background. The painting is an amazing one should definitely take a look at it in order to appreciate its full beauty. The painting is currently on display at the Musee du Louvre, in Paris.

Time in The Two Poems Essay Example for Free

Time in The Two Poems Essay The titles of these poems alone suggest there will be a theme of time in them; The title Days speaks for itself as days are a way of measuring time, Toads Revisited however is much more subtle but the notion of revisiting, indirectly tells us that he is going somewhere or doing something that he has done before in his lifetime. Days is a poem about Larkins views on death and how our approach on the subject can alter the way we live. Larkin begins his first stanza with the rhetorical question of What are days for?, though this is a question similar to the biggest question of all time What is the meaning of life? Larkin answers it with a simple monosyllabic response, Days are where we live. For such a broad and open question this is a very closed, unrefined answer. This could be a reflection of Larkins view on the meaning of life, that he feels it is not important to search for a complex answer. I get the impression that Larkin is tired of life and its repetitive structure, They come they wake us, time and time over this is shown by his impassionate language and monosyllabic style. Its seems as if he feels time is passing too slowly. Toads Revisited unlike Days is the second poem out of two, the first being similar in subject but written 10 years before when Larkin was at a different stage in his life. Toads Revisited is written in a much more day to day fashion where as Days is written on a more general topic. Toads Revisited is about Larkins distaste for work and his realisation that without it his life would be empty. He looks at the way in which people without jobs spend their time. He comes to the conclusion that without his job he would have too much time and he would become bored. When referring to the unemployed he says think of being them! Hearing the hours chime Toads Revisited is set in 9 stanzas all with four lines each, this repetitive structure is used by Larkin to reflect the content of the stanzas (the dull life of unemployment. ) Towards the end of the poem Larkins words become less monosyllabic which reflects the way he feels about employment, (that is is duller to be unemployed than employed because at least job fills- like syllables!) Days is set in just two stanzas which like its monosyllabic style reflects the simplicity of the message Larkin is sending out in this poem. The second stanza of Days is a response to the second question Larkin asks in stanza one Where can we live but days? in response to this Larkin does not answer but concludes that to tackle such a question will sooner kill you than lead you to an answer, solving that question brings the priest and the doctor in their long coats. This is a sinister image that personifies death. The last two stanzas of Toads revisited show Larkins acceptance of work but not in a way that he embraces the idea of work with love and passion, but that he has not alternatives What else can I answer. Like the poem Days Toads Revisited also end on a sombre note about death, give me your arm, old toad; Help me down Cemetery road, again here death has been personified in the eerie form of a toad. Both these poems send out the message that death is ominous and inevitable.

Demonstrate an understanding of relevant theories

Demonstrate an understanding of relevant theories Psychology Portfolio Presentation One of the best ways of presenting work as a psychology student is through the completion of a personal portfolio as one progresses through the respective curriculum in psychology. Moreover, it enables easier assessment and evaluation of the success of the psychology curriculum in terms of objectives and goal fulfillment. This is represented in the following discussions: Demonstrate an understanding of relevant theories Application of scientific methodology Basic Knowledge in keys areas Upholding professionalism in psychology Understanding of relevant psychological theories is an important factor in the understanding of the psychological curriculum. It enables students to understand the application of scientific methodologies in carrying out research undertaken in the psychological field. For instance, the students will be able to become acquainted with how theoretical frameworks can be applied during the real study (Betz, 2008). Additionally, the study of core courses in different intermediate levels enables the learners to gain the basic knowledge necessary for grasping the course provisions. This enables students to understand the application of different theories as they progress from one level to the next. Not only will this enable them to understand the areas that are required of them in partial fulfillment of the course but also enables them to identify particular subfields of the discipline that fits their interests. Finally, psychology as a discipline ensures that learners as prepared to gain psy chological knowledge by not only studying it as a social science but also as a profession (Betz, 2008). This entails learners being taught how to write unmistakably and effectively by following the appropriate professional standards. Include examples to support major points Conceptualize current societal issues Conducting assessment and practice Citing relevant theories Theories are not always accurate because they are not only based on individual viewpoints but also are subject to stand the test of time. Therefore, it is advisable to support each theoretical assumptions with supportive evidence that can be verified when the need arises. This can be achieved by relating the current issues affecting the society with theoretical assumptions (Westefeld, 2009). Alternatively, assumptions are usually drawn from research that has been undertaken and therefore it easier to support theories by relating them to research findings that had been undertaken before. Finally, other related or relevant theories can be cited to boost the validity of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assumptions. Psychological theories and their importance. behavior theories cognitive theories Developmental theories The nature of human behavior and thoughts has led to the development of various psychological theories that try to explain them. Behavioral theories help to demonstrate ways in which new behaviors and information can be acquired though conditioning. Cognitive theories are centered on internal states of the human nature and therefore aid thinking, decision-making, and problem solving (Williams, et al (2008). Lastly, developmental theories do serve to provide a framework from which understanding of factors relating to human growth and development are covered. Psychological theories and their disadvantages Humanistic Theories Personality theories Social Psychology Theories Arguably, not all psychological theories are easy to understand and relate. For instance, humanist theories focus on the goodness of human behavior, a factor that is not practicable in society. On the other hand, personality theories concentrate in the study of personalities of people around us. These require that one invest a great deal of time in scrutinizing such behaviors, a fact that I do not like (Betz, 2008). Finally, social psychology theories are focused on the study of social behavior and require giving attention to particular aspects of social phenomena. Criteria of arriving at conclusions. -Understanding the Knowledge Base Identifying major concepts Using Technology Understanding of various psychological aspects requires deep understanding of the discipline. This factor enables learners to gain an insight of what is being proposed in the study. Alternatively, identification of key concepts and psychological models enables learners to arrive at conclusions (Westefeld, 2009). Finally, using technological applications to process data into information enables them to arrive at conclusions. Future influences of theories in psychology. Improve human counseling Competent professional relationships Integration of science and practice Psychological theories are certain to discover new ways of performing psychological related chores. In turn, this will improve the level of service delivery in many areas such as improvements in human counseling whereby excellent services will be delivered to patients (Williams, et al (2008). Additionally, psychological practitioners will try to outdo each other in the delivery of services thereby leading to increased completion amongst themselves and thusly, the formation of competent professional relationships. Lastly, the need for scientific researched to support proposed psychological theories would increase thereby increasing integration between science and practice (Williams, et al (2008). New Methods in Psychology Information and Technological literacy Ability to utilize the power of computers Technological Applications in Psychology With the advent of new technological innovations, each discipline will be backed by technological integration and psychology will not be left behind. This entails improving literacy in learners through the integration of information technology programs in the study of psychology, the use of computers by learners and lastly, development of technological applications specifically meant for psychology (Inman, and Ladany, 2008). Effects on the worldview Understand psychological concepts Improved self assessment Increased levels of applications and understanding The information contained in this presented is certainly going to impact heavily on how I view things from the psychological perspective. To begin with, it will enable me to fully understand the application of psychological concepts and their relationships to theory, enable me to improve ways of self-assessment and finally, enable me to apply diversified technological applications in the field of psychology (Betz, 2008). critical or creative thinking Ability to think critically Applying appropriate scientific approaches Decision making and problem solving Critical thinking enabled me to logically demonstrate the necessary applications of theory concepts, formulate the design and organized presentations when undertaking scientific approaches (Westefeld, 2009). Finally, critical thinking was useful in solving problems and making decisions. Psychological Language Right psychological terms Correct writing style Professionally written Understanding of psychological terms is very useful in this presentation to ensure that flow of information is not interrupted (Inman, and Ladany, 2008). Additionally, the paper ensures that it follows the correct writing style to ensure that it meets the standards of professionalism typical of this paper. Importance of theories Understanding theories Their scope and applications Relationships to research This curriculum requires that learners master the applications of different psychological theories in different scenarios. Specifically, their importance and how they are applied in different perspectives is very important. Finally, demonstrations on how they can be related to psychological research are also another important factor that these theories help to achieve. Applications Writing abilities Research skills Applied experience The study of this discipline enabled me to acquire practical skills that are applicable in real life situations. Throughout the study, we were equipped with writing skills that enabled us to produce accurate and well-written professional papers in addition to sharpening our research skills though carrying out studies on various topics. Finally, applied experience was acquired through participating in real life situations by assuming roles such as psychological counselors and practitioners.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet 154 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 154 The little Love-god lying once asleep Laid by his side his heart-inflaming brand, Whilst many nymphs that vow'd chaste life to keep Came tripping by; but in her maiden hand The fairest votary took up that fire Which many legions of true hearts had warm'd, And so the General of hot desire Was sleeping by a virgin hand disarm'd. This brand she quenched in a cool well by, Which from Love's fire took heat perpetual, Growing a bath and healthful remedy For men diseas'd. But, I, my mistress' thrall, Came there for cure; and this by that I prove: Love's fire heats water, water cools not love. This sonnet appears to be another version of 153 rather than one of a series. These two sonnets, two renderings of the same ides, could either prove or disprove Shakespeare's authorship. Only twice did Shakespeare rewrite any of his sonnets, both 138 and 144 appear slightly modified in _The Passionate Pilgrim_. These are evidence of Shakespeare's rewritings, but the only problem is if one is out to prove the authorship on these grounds, over-revision remains a factor; that is, Shakespeare rewrote the two sonnets changing only a few words and not the entire sonnet. These seem to be the problems with citing Shakespeaare as their author, but equally disproving him as the author. If I were to argue for Shakespeare's authorship, I would correlate "the help of bath" with being an allusion to "The Wife of Bath's Tale" in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. Shakespeare used Chaucer as a source in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_ (from "The Kinght's Tale" and "The Miller's Tale"), _Troilus and Cressida_ (from _Troilus and Criseyde) and _The Two Noble Kinsmen_ (from "The Knight's Tale"). Seeing that Shakespeare used Chaucer as a reference in the past for help, I suppose "the help of bath" could be a tribut to Chaucer and thus a possible source or allusion. But this does remain on unsubstantial grounds due to the possibility of it simply meaning a water-filled basin.

Applying the economic theories in the Market’s Reader to the New Economy :: Economics

Applying the economic theories in the Market’s Reader to the New Economy In this part of the question, I will describe the old and new Economy, after that I will point out the main characters of New Economy and what is different between NEW and Old Economy. later than, I will discuss the demand of knowledge, ideas, innovation, and individual creative destruction, change in market and competitive as the main resource needed to make economic prosperity. I will discuss Innovation reduce costs and improve product quality and how advances technology achieve the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in good level. Finally I will apply the Economic theories in market reader. From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturing base geared in the direction of standardized production (It was manual labor). It was organized into stable, hierarchical and generally high-handed organizations. These organizations achieved a competitive edge in the market by making standardized products faster and more economically. They focused on incremental cost reductions and a national marketplace. In addition, that how this organization success and achieved there ogles in most courtiers, for example textile and steel industry. That kind of economic start to collapse during the mid-70s and the early 90s. The crisis included both textiles and steel industry, in a period of changeover from the old economic to the new economic ,a lot of countries loss their competitive frame because others were changing the production process more faster and cheaper. The cheap labor which had brought industries to the South Asia was being very cheap. At the same time, the social demand for the individual has change, workers become looking for a higher standard of living, new cars, washing machines, clothes and bigger houses, which effect the economy. On the other hand, the new economy is rising as a demand of knowledge and idea-based economy. The new economy, which was making success and prosperity used the new technology to produces high quality, low price production, also the new ideas and innovation that apply to all sectors of the economy which enhance the whole economy. For example, 80% of the jobs in US today do not depend on making things, process things, or generate information. In 50s, 60% of the firm's in US could use unskilled labor now a day only around 15 per sent of jobs can use unskilled labor. Robert M. Howe author said ‘technology is in the hands of society at large’. the most important resource in the new economy is â€Å"human capital† – a resource that all nations possess. Development of productive capacity and its measurement is one of the challenges that Applying the economic theories in the Market’s Reader to the New Economy :: Economics Applying the economic theories in the Market’s Reader to the New Economy In this part of the question, I will describe the old and new Economy, after that I will point out the main characters of New Economy and what is different between NEW and Old Economy. later than, I will discuss the demand of knowledge, ideas, innovation, and individual creative destruction, change in market and competitive as the main resource needed to make economic prosperity. I will discuss Innovation reduce costs and improve product quality and how advances technology achieve the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in good level. Finally I will apply the Economic theories in market reader. From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturing base geared in the direction of standardized production (It was manual labor). It was organized into stable, hierarchical and generally high-handed organizations. These organizations achieved a competitive edge in the market by making standardized products faster and more economically. They focused on incremental cost reductions and a national marketplace. In addition, that how this organization success and achieved there ogles in most courtiers, for example textile and steel industry. That kind of economic start to collapse during the mid-70s and the early 90s. The crisis included both textiles and steel industry, in a period of changeover from the old economic to the new economic ,a lot of countries loss their competitive frame because others were changing the production process more faster and cheaper. The cheap labor which had brought industries to the South Asia was being very cheap. At the same time, the social demand for the individual has change, workers become looking for a higher standard of living, new cars, washing machines, clothes and bigger houses, which effect the economy. On the other hand, the new economy is rising as a demand of knowledge and idea-based economy. The new economy, which was making success and prosperity used the new technology to produces high quality, low price production, also the new ideas and innovation that apply to all sectors of the economy which enhance the whole economy. For example, 80% of the jobs in US today do not depend on making things, process things, or generate information. In 50s, 60% of the firm's in US could use unskilled labor now a day only around 15 per sent of jobs can use unskilled labor. Robert M. Howe author said ‘technology is in the hands of society at large’. the most important resource in the new economy is â€Å"human capital† – a resource that all nations possess. Development of productive capacity and its measurement is one of the challenges that

An Unbreakable Union Essay -- American History, Politics, Lincoln

An Unbreakable Union As Abraham Lincoln was sworn into the office of President of the United States of America, the nation was deeply divided, with several states having seceded to form the Confederate States of America. He promised to â€Å"preserve, protect, and defend† (Doc #1) the Union and its federal forts and property in the Confederacy that were being dismantled and appropriated by the South. Lincoln further promised in his address that â€Å"no State can lawfully [leave] the Union† (Doc #1) and that he would reassert the laws of the Union in the rebellious states. What role did Lincoln take in the events between his inauguration and the outbreak of the Civil War? Was he preparing for peace, or planning for war? Lincoln took a direct role in the events leading to the outbreak of hostilities. Not only did he attempt to negotiate a peaceful resolution and open dialogues with Southern officials, he tried to rein in his advisors who challenged his positions, and cemented his administra tion’s stance on the question of secession. Prior to Lincoln’s inauguration in March, Lincoln played direct and indirect roles in the events that shaped the beginning of a civil war. Although the future cabinet members around him urged him to make statements to convince the South he had no intentions of abolishing slavery in their states, he did nothing of the kind, refusing to make public statements until he was sworn into office. He refused to do this because he was already on record for saying he had no constitutional powers (until he was made president) yet, and because he felt it would be a sign of weakness to be compelled to repeat his sentiments over and again, and to be kept on the defensive: â€Å"they would seize upon almost any letter I could wri... ...secession, he was prepared for the possibility of war, but had no plans to attack the South. He made offers with the South to trade the forts for assurances of peace, and even ordered his men to surrender if it would save their lives. While Lincoln’s decision to supply the fort with provisions was a provocation and led to a Confederate attack, Lincoln never made the order to fire on the South first, and he took steps, continuously, to avoid a conflict and try to reason with the Southern government. Lincoln had no plans for war, and his reinforcement of Fort Sumter was to affirm its status as a federal fort, not to force the Confederacy into starting a war. Both sides had an aim: whether it was to gain complete independence or pull back the secessionist states into the Union, neither was willing to back down, and the responsibility for the war rests on both sides.

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Intermediaries who buy, take title to, and resell the merchandise are called ________. 2. Companies that search for customers and may negotiate on the producer’s behalf but do not take title to the goods are called ________. 3. Transportation companies, independent warehouses, banks, and advertising agencies that assist in the distribution process but neither take title to goods nor negotiate purchases or sales are called ________. 4. One of the chief roles of marketing channels is to convert potential buyers into profitable ________. 5. A marketing channel system is the particular set of ________ employed by a firm. Decisions about the marketing channel system are among the most critical facing a firm. 6. A ________ strategy involves the manufacturer using its sales force and trade promotion money to induce intermediaries to carry, promote, and sell the product to end users. 7. A ________ strategy creates consumer demand through promotions and advertising as a way to induce intermediaries to carry the product. 8. Today customers expect channel integration to work smoothly. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of channel integration? a. The ability to order the product online and pick it up at a retail location b. The ability to return an online purchase at the retail location c. The right to receive discounts based on total online and off-line purchases d. Offering gift certificates that can be redeemed online and off-line e. None of the above are characteristics of channel integration 9. Generally speaking, buyers fall into four categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories? a. Habitual shoppers b. High-value deal seekers c. Low-involvement shoppers d. Variety-loving shoppers e. High-involvement shoppers 10. Shoppers who primarily seek stores that suit people like themselves or members of groups they aspire to join are known as ________. 11. A supply chain view of a firm sees markets as destination points and amounts to a linear view of the flow. The company should first think of the target market and then design the supply chain backward from that point. This view is called ________. 12. A value network includes a firm’s suppliers and its suppliers’ suppliers, and its immediate customers and their end ________. 13. Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scale of operation, intermediaries help firms _______ in making goods widely available. 14. A marketing channel overcomes the time, place, and ________ gaps that separate goods and services from those who need or want them. 15. Physical functions, title functions, and promotional functions are example of ________ flow of activity from the company to the customer. 16. The question regarding the various channel functions is not whether or not they need to be performed but who is to perform them. All channel functions have three things in common. Which of the following is NOT one of these channel functions? a. They use up scarce resources. b. They can often be performed better through specialization. c. They can be shifted among channel members. d. They require substantial investments by the producer. e. None of the above 17. A ________ channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customer. 18. Designing a marketing channel system involves analyzing customer needs, ________, identifying major channel alternatives, and evaluating major channel alternatives. 19. In designing the marketing channel, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by the target customers. Channels produce five service outputs. Which of the following is NOT one of these outputs? a. Product variety b. â€Å"Entertainment shopping experience† c. Spatial convenience d. Waiting and delivery time e. Lot size 20. Channel objectives should be stated in terms of ________ service output levels. 21. A channel alternative is described by three elements: the types of available business intermediaries, the number of intermediaries needed, and the ________. 22. Companies deciding on the number of intermediaries to use at each channel level have three strategies available to them. They can use exclusive distribution, ________ distribution, and intensive distribution. 23. When the producer wants to maintain control over the service level and outputs offered by the resellers, it most likely will use ________ distribution. 24. By granting ________, the producer hopes to obtain more dedicated and knowledgeable selling. 25. With ________, the company does not need to worry about too many outlets; it can gain adequate market coverage with more control and less cost that intensive distribution. 26. Manufacturers are constantly tempted to move from exclusive or selective distribution to more intensive distribution in order to ________. 27. ________ distribution consists of the manufacturer placing his goods and services in as many outlets as possible. 28. The main elements in the â€Å"trade-relations mix† are price policies, conditions of sale, ________, and specific services to be performed by each party. 29. Each channel alternative needs to be evaluated against ________, control, and adaptive criteria. 30. One of the control issues of using a sales agency as a channel partner is that the sales agency is an independent firm seeking to ________. 31. After a company has chosen a channel alternative, individual intermediaries must be ________, trained, motivated, and evaluated. 32. It is important for the company to select its channel members carefully because to the customers, the channels _________ the company. 33. ________ can be defined as the ability to alter channel members’ behavior so that they take actions they would not have taken otherwise. 34. The five types of power available to the producer to elicit cooperation from channel members includes all of the following EXCEPT ________ power. 35. In competitive markets with low entry barriers, the optimal channel structure will inevitably ________ over time. 36. Regarding distribution systems, one of the most difficult decision that a firm must make at some time involves ________ the channel strategy. 37. A conventional marketing channel comprises a(n) ________, wholesaler(s), and retailer(s), each acting in his own self-interest. 38. A(n) ________ comprises the producer, wholesaler(s), and retailers(s) acting as a unified system. 39. A(n) ________ consists of independent firms at different levels of production and distribution integrating their programs on a contractual basis to obtain more economies or sales impact than they could achieve alone. 40. Which of the following is a type of contractual VMS? a. Specialty stores b. Franchise organizations c. Kiosks stores d. Catalog stores e. None of the above 41. When two or more unrelated companies put together resources or programs to exploit an emerging marketing opportunity, it is called a ________. 42. ________ occurs when a single firm uses two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments. 43. By adding more channels, companies can gain three important benefits. First, they can increase their market coverage; second, they can lower channel costs; and third, they can provide ________. 44. ________ is generated when one channel member’s actions prevent another channel from achieving its goal. 45. ________ involves conflict between members at the same level within the channel. 46. ________ means conflict between different levels within the same channel. 47. ________ exists when the manufacturer has established two or more channels that sell to the same market. 48. ________ occurs when channel members are brought together to advance the goals of the channel, as opposed to their own potentially incompatible goals. 49. Causes of channel conflict include all of the following, EXCEPT________. a. goal incompatibility b. differences in perception c. dependency d. unclear goals and rights e. channel power usage 50. There are several mechanisms for effective channel conflict management. These include the following, EXCEPT ________. a. frequent vendor switching b. superordinate goals c. co-optation d. diplomacy e. mediation 51. ________ is an effort by one organization to win the support of the leaders of another organization by including them in advisory councils, board of directors, and the like. 52. ________ means resorting to a neutral third party who is skilled in conciliating the two parties’ interests. 53. Producers of strong brands sometimes sell them to dealers only if the dealers will take some or all of the rest of the line. This practice is called full-line forcing or ________. 54. ________ describes the use of electronic means and platforms to conduct a company’s business. 55. ________ means that the company or site offers to transact or facilitate the selling of products or services online. 56. ________ means companies decide to purchase goods, services, and information from various online suppliers. 57. ________ describes company efforts to inform buyers, communicate, promote, and sell its products and services over the Internet. 58. ________ are companies that have launched a Web site without any previous existence as a firm. 59. ________ are existing companies that have added an online site for information and/or e-commerce. 60. For the brick-and-click companies, adding an e-commerce channel creates the threat of ________ from retailers, brokers, agents, and other intermediaries. Essay 101. Explain why the marketing channel system is so important to a firm. 102. Explain the concept of a hybrid channel distribution system. 103. Different consumers have different needs during the purchase process. Researchers Nunes and Cespedes argue that, in many markets, buyers fall into four categories. List and briefly define these four categories. 104. Demand chain planning yields several insights for manufacturers who follow this view of the supply chain. Explain what these insights are and how companies can use them to their best advantage. 105. What are some of the advantages available to producers using intermediaries? 106. In designing a marketing channel system, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by target customers. Channels provide five service outputs. List and briefly describe each of these outputs. 107. Manufacturers are constantly tempted to move from exclusive distribution or selective distribution to more intensive distribution. Give a reason why this might not be a good long-term strategy for a manufacturer. 108. Explain the differences between a vertical marketing system (VMS) and a conventional marketing system? 109. The most advanced supply-distributor arrangements for administering VMSs involve distribution programming. Explain the components of distribution programming. 110. For a brick-and-click company to add e-commerce to its marketing mix, the firm must be aware that it creates the threat of a backlash from its channel partners. The question remains: How to sell both through intermediaries and online? Three strategies for successfully answering this question were postulated in the chapter. List and briefly define these three strategies. APPLICATION QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 111. Your product enjoys high brand loyalty and high involvement in the category. It has perceived differences that consumers recognize between brands and is one of the few that its consumers choose before selecting the retail store/Web site to purchase the product. Which promotion strategy would hold the greatest opportunity for incremental sales for your product? 112. Your product has low brand loyalty in its category; brand choice is often made by the consumer in the store, often at the very moment of purchase. Which promotion strategy would hold the greatest opportunity for incremental sales for your product? 113. When managing a hybrid channel, the channel manager must ensure that these different channels work seamlessly in the consumer’s opinion. When the consumer can order a product  online and pick it up at the nearby retail store or be able to return the Internet-ordered product to the retail store, we state that the channel has ________. 114. Jenny gathers information from a variety of channels, conducting extensive research on the advantages/disadvantages of the products available. She visits a number of high-priced retailers, asks numerous questions, and tries many of the products. When the time comes to purchase, she always purchases through the lowest-cost channel. Jenny is best described as a ________. 115. Palm, the leading manufacturer of handheld devices, consists of a whole community of suppliers and assemblers of semiconductor components, plastic cases, LCD displays, and accessories; of off-line and online resellers; of 275,000 developers in the Palm Developer Network who have created over 21,000 software programs and 100 hardware add-ons for the Palm operating system for handheld computers and smartphones. Combined, these make up Palm’s ________. 116. A company selling exercise equipment may need to establish three channels of distribution—a sales channel, a delivery channel, and a ________. 117. Tupperware manufactures kitchen goods and has its representatives sell them through home parties. This is an example of a ________. 118. ________ deals between suppliers and retailers, such as Disney’s Consumer Products deal with Wal-Mart, are becoming a mainstay for specialists looking for an edge in a business world that is increasingly driven by price. 119. In rolling out your company’s newest product, you decided to use manufacturers’ representatives as your sales agents. Part of your ________ was to establish territories based upon counties per state. 120. The sales of your product are low compared to your competition. The decision facing you is whether to use a sales agency (brokers, manufacturers’ representatives) or hire a field sales force. The fixed costs of engaging a sales agency are lower than those of establishing a company sales force, but costs rise faster through an agency. When figuring out sales and costs, the intersection of the costs between sales agencies and sales force (SB) means that ________. 121. Rolex is very selective when choosing the retailers that will sell its watches. The company needs to view its retailer in the same way as it views its end users. The firm needs to determine intermediaries’ needs and construct a channel positioning such that its channel offering is tailored to provide ________ to these retailers. 122. As more women entered the workforce and were unavailable to Avon’s traditional door-to-door system for selling cosmetics, Avon ventured into selling its cosmetics in JCPenney. Avon revised its channel strategy due to ________. 123. When Kodak coordinates successive stages of production and distribution and receives cooperation from major retailers in connection with displays, shelf space, promotions, and pricing policies due exclusively to Kodak’s size and power , we call this a(n) ________. 124. The emergence of rental car counters, hair salons, banks, and dry cleaners found in such stores as Wal-Mart, Target, grocery retailers, and others is an example of ________ marketing systems. 125. As a recent college graduate, you dream of opening up your own business. You have explored franchising. In fact, one of the companies that you are strongly interested in is a service organization (fast food) that has a whole system designed to bring its service efficiently to consumers. This is an example of a ________. 126. A soft-drink concentrate producer makes a 20% margin on its regular soda and 25% on its diet version of the same drink. The soft-drink bottlers, however, are required to sell both the regular and diet versions to the retailers at the same price. This is a classic example of ________. 127. In deciding to take your product to market, one of the first considerations must be your channel or channels of distribution. If you decide to sell your product (a) in exclusive franchisee operations and (b) to mass distributors/retailers concurrently, to the same target market, this may lead to a ________. 128. As a marketing manager for a national company that uses brokers as your field sales agents, you suggest to your senior management the creation of an â€Å"advisory team† composed of retailers, food brokers, sales managers, and inside marketing and management personnel. Your objective is to win support of the leaders of another organization by including them in planning discussions. You are advocating what type of conflict management resolution? 129. The text would define eBay, a third party that creates markets by linking buyers and sellers, as a ________. 130. Harley-Davidson’s entry into the Web for their parts and accessory business called for them to â€Å"protect† their retailers by referring customers to the local Harley-Davidson dealer. One additional strategy available to firms wishing to protect their channels of distribution yet capitalize on Internet sales is ________. Short Answer 131. Define the term â€Å"marketing channels.† 132. Why is a marketing channel system so important to the manufacturer? 133. The ability by the consumer to access information via the Internet, conduct business transactions either by phone, Internet, or in person is an example of a company using what type of marketing channels? 134. When you deliver the products to the customer, exchange title of the goods, or even conduct a sales promotion, you are conducting a forward flow of activity through the channel. Explain the elements for a backward flow from customers to the company. 135. In setting up your distribution channel, you note that you must account for the physical transfer of the product from your location to the consumer and must receive payment for the goods sold. These are part of the channel functions. All channel functions must be performed and have three things in common. List the three things that all functions have in common. 136. Your company has decided to use a distribution channel that consists of a wholesaler, a jobber, and a retailer to reach your final consumer or user of your product. How many channel levels are involved in the distribution of your product to the final user? 137. When we talk about manufacturers’ redemption centers, community groups, trash-collection specialists, recycling centers, and central processing warehouses, we are talking about what kind of distribution channels? 138. The ability of a shopper of laundry detergents to visit a grocery retailer and see a wide variety of brands, sizes, and units for purchase is an example of what elements of the channel service output? 139. As the â€Å"channel manager† for your firm, you have been asked by senior managers to identify new distribution channels for the launch of a new product. Your presentation describes a channel alternative as having three sets of elements. What are the three elements that would be contained in your presentation? 140. A leading manufacturer of watches maintains a set of very exclusive networks of retailers (exclusive distribution) that are authorized to sell its watches. This exclusivity ensures that the company can control the service level, distribution, and outputs offered by the retail stores doing business with them. Recently, however, there has been pressure on the company (by Wall Street investors) to expand its products to more and more retailers (intensive distribution) in order to increase sales. What are some of the dangers that the company might encounter when moving from one form of distribution to another? 141. List the main elements in the â€Å"trade-relations mix† between producers and channel members. 142. As the channel manager at a consumer products firm, you develop a channel incentive program in which channel members receive an extra 2% discount on all purchases when the channel members agree to pass half of this discount along to their customers in terms of a price decline. This is an example of what type of channel power? 143. When you purchase a Subway franchise, the corporate office delivers to you an entire system designed to bring the services efficiently to the consumer. This is an example of what type of contractual VMS? 144. When independent operators such as optometrists or nail and hair salons locate in the front part of selected retail superstores, this is an example of what type of marketing system? 145. A textbook manufacturer uses a direct sales force to reach the college market, a telemarketing division to reach small independent bookstore owners, and rack jobbers to reach retail outlets. This is an example of what type of marketing systems? 146. What three important benefits can companies gain by adding more channels? 147. Identify four things that marketers can do to better integrate their online and off-line channels. 148. You own a franchise of a national chain of quick luncheon meals. The corporate office is conducting a nationwide marketing campaign introducing a $5.00 value meal option. This $5.00 value meal option severely cuts into you operating margins. Numerous complaints to the corporate office have resulted in the corporate office taking the position that â€Å"the franchisees need to be competitive and this $5.00 meal is competitive.† You disagree, noting that  even with an increase in store traffic, the reduction in revenue and margin produced by this value menu will result in a net loss for your store. What type of channel conflict is evident here? 149. When one Pizza Hut franchisee noticed that his counterpart in the south part of town was using â€Å"nonapproved† ingredients in its Pizza Hut pizzas, he complained to the franchise office. This is an example of what type of channel conflict? 150. In setting up your company’s channel of distribution, you arranged for the company’s products to be carried by a select set of outlets and required that these outlets not carry competitive products. What are the benefits to the company and to the distributor in entering into such an exclusive distribution and exclusive dealing arrangement?